# AMLR Art. 54 — Coexistence of ownership and control > TJPG Art. 4 and Art. 6 have been in force since 1 October 2026. See [[Effective-dates timeline]]. - **Part of:** [[AMLR]] - **FATF keying:** [[FATF R.24 - Transparency and beneficial ownership of legal persons|FATF R.24]] - **Swiss provisions:** [[TJPG Art. 4 - BO definition- 25% of capital|TJPG Art. 4]], [[TJPG Art. 6 - Indirect and other control|TJPG Art. 6]] - **Detailed citation:** TJPG Art. 4 + Art. 6 (no dedicated coexistence rule) ## What it requires Where a corporate entity is owned through a multi-layered structure and, in one or more chains, ownership interest and control coexist at different layers, the beneficial owners are: (a) the natural persons who control, directly or indirectly, through ownership interest or other means, an intermediate entity that itself has a direct ownership interest in the corporate entity; and (b) the natural persons who, individually or cumulatively, have an ownership interest in the corporate entity that in turn controls, through ownership interest or other means, the corporate entity. ## Swiss position TJPG Art. 4 Abs. 1 sets ownership interest (at least 25% of capital or votes) and control 'in another way' as alternative tests within a single definition, applied to determine who controls a given company. It does not contain a dedicated rule addressing multi-layered ownership structures in which ownership interest and control coexist at different links of a chain. TJPG Art. 6 delegates only the definition of indirect and other control to the Federal Council; it does not address chain coexistence either. ## Key divergences AMLR Art. 54 is an additional rule layered on top of the basic ownership and control tests in Art. 51-53: where ownership interest and control coexist across different layers of a multi-layered chain, it requires identifying beneficial owners on both limbs and treating them cumulatively, so that a person is not missed simply because an intermediate entity is reached through control rather than direct ownership, or vice versa. The TJPG has no express counterpart to this rule: Art. 4 Abs. 1 covers direct or indirect holding and control of a company ('letztendlich'), and Art. 6 leaves indirect control to the Federal Council, but neither says how mixed ownership and control links in a chain are combined. ## Effective dates TJPG Art. 4 and Art. 6 have been in force since 1 October 2026. See [[Effective-dates timeline]]. ## Authoritative text > [!quote]- Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AMLR), Article 54 — English text (EUR-Lex, CELEX 32024R1624) > **Article 54** > *Coexistence of ownership interest and control in the ownership structure* > Where corporate entities are owned through a multi-layered ownership structure, and in one or more chains of that structure the ownership interest and the control coexist in relation to different layers of the chain, the beneficial owners shall be: > (a) the natural persons who control, directly or indirectly, through ownership interest or via other means, legal entities that have a direct ownership interest in the corporate entity, whether individually or cumulatively; > (b) the natural persons who, whether individually or cumulatively, directly or indirectly, have an ownership interest in the corporate entity that controls, through ownership interest or via other means, the corporate entity, directly or indirectly. ## Sources - AMLR Art. 54 — CELEX 32024R1624 - TJPG BBl 2025 2900, Art. 4 - TJPG BBl 2025 2900, Art. 6